Debt Default Averted - Again

 So, the US has (once again) averted going into default. Good news? Sure, on the face of it... but...

Is this what should be the headline news for the world's largest economy? For the issuer of the global reserve currency? For the world's largest debtor? That it averted bankruptcy?

Hmmm... let me think about it... NOT????? 

Lemme Get This Straight...

So, the US is getting closer to defaulting, Fitch threatens to cut its AAA rating on US government debt, the politicians are arm wrestling and... the Fed signals its willingness to intervene in case the worst happens? Seriously???

The Fed previously intervened in the Great Debt Crisis of 2007-10 by bailing out banks, mortgage lenders, insurance companies and foolish speculators (yup, some investment banks were exactly that).  The Fed, basically, turned private debt into public by printing a (then) huge amount of dollars (see chart below).  In the process, it ballooned its balance sheet from $900 billion to $2.2 trillion within months.  It was the very first instance of Quantitative Easing (QE).

• Round One: The central bank funded the bailout of some speculators and a goodly number of players in the financial sector.

The Fed Bailout (QE1) During The Great Debt Crisis

The Fed intervened again during the COVID pandemic by, literally, raining money from the federal helicopter (see chart below).  Only this time the amounts involved were truly epic: its balance sheet literally exploded from $4.1 trillion to $9.0 trillion. 

• Round Two: The central bank supported a portion of household spending for a year or two.

The Fed Bailout (QE2) During COVID

So, lemme get this straight: the Fed is now saying that it is ready to intervene again to do what exactly? Bail out the entire Federal Government?  What will Round Three look like, if it comes to it? Purchase a portion of the entire federal debt (see chart below) and flood the world with worthless dollars? 

The Fed Bailout (QE3)????

Federal debt held by the public (ie excluding the Social Security Trust Fund) has exploded from $4 trillion to $25 trillion in just 15 years.  How much of it is the Fed  willing to buy? Some of ? All of it?  The Fed already has $5.2 trillion of Treasuries in its balance sheet (ie it owns them) - that's 20% of all Treasuries (excluding the SS fund). Looking at it another way, it owns Federal debt equal to 22% of US GDP.  How much more can it buy, before it turns the US into Zimbabwe?

 OK, OK... I am being an alarmist here, so let me rephrase.  

How much more can the Fed buy before it turns the US into the Weimar Republic.  Now isn't that better?

USA Default Warning

 Very quick post.

The US is inching towards default because of the debt limit situation, and markets are no longer ignoring the risk.  

Take a look at the 1 year Credit Default Swaps (CDS) for US sovereign debt (ie Treasuries).  Prices have soared to 150 bp, up  15-fold since early 2023. 

USA 1-Year Sovereign Credit Default Swaps

By comparison, 1 year CDS for Germany are at 3 bp,  Japan is at 5 bp and the UK is at 8 bp. Worried? You bet - literally!

PS President Biden declared that "the US will not default". Take a minute to think this through: if the world's largest debtor and issuer of the world's reserve currency is reduced to such statements... the game may not be over, but it is past its half-time, for sure.

Transiting From Permagrowth To Permaflat - Part Two

In the previous post I laid out the context for transiting our present socioeconomic paradigm from permanent growth (Permagrowth) to steady state, a condition I will call Permaflat.  In this post I examine the financial/monetary aspects of such a transition.  But first, a bit of history.

The last yoke on unchecked money creation was removed in 1971 when the US went completely off the gold standard (ok, going to zero bank reserves in 2020 is also significant, but in other ways). It was not an entirely bad idea, given the severe pressures created on the monetary system by OPEC's oil price shock.  Some ten years later, things got really ugly when inflation spiked to 15% and the Fed (ie Paul Volcker) had to throw the country into a deep recession in order to kill it. 

The relation between excess money creation and inflation is pretty obvious to anyone with a passing familiarity with basic monetary economics: if you create more money than is needed by the underlying economic growth you end up with inflation, created by the existence of money alone. For example, if you create 10% more money but the underlying economy only grows by 5% you could ultimately end up with inflation around 5%.  It's really a cocktail napkin calculation, but it's close enough.

If you need proof look at the chart below: M3 annual growth in blue, CPI inflation in red. The recent huge spike in money supply growth is scary, to say the least.

What is of more concern is that authorities/politicians seem to think that most all problems can be solved by running the printing presses.  Countries/banks/mortgage lenders become insolvent? Print money.  COVID strikes? Print money.  A major bank's liabilities need to be backstopped? Print money. A regional bank (or four) becomes insolvent and needs to be taken over by a behemoth? Print money.

But such money printing is also creating short term excess demand for goods and services, straining the Earth's limited resources.  It's as if  the enzyme critters are boosting their activity by using money as a catalyst.  Yet, the reactor vessel isn't getting any larger and the amount of corn/food is also ultimately limited,  no matter how much money is printed.  Money, after all, is an artificial construct based on faith alone.

Therefore, we could not limit Permagrowth until and unless we also hit the brakes on money/debt creation.  A transition from Permagrowth to Permaflat requires zero money growth.

More on that in Part Three.

End Of An Era, Transiting From Permagrowth To Permaflat - Part One

This will be a series of posts on a subject that is of great concern to me as a father: how to create a better, more sustainable world for our children.  I have long thought about starting the series but I kept putting it off.  It is now time to start, no more excuses.

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Back when I was a chemical engineer (it only lasted 2 years after college) I was involved in the design of a corn-to-ethanol plant.  Several such plants were built in the US Corn Belt as a response to the oil crisis in the early 1980s, and were heavily dependent on federal subsidies for gasohol (a blend of gasoline and alcohol).  But it wasn't the economics of the plant which created a lasting impression on me - rather, it was the chemistry/bioprocess itself.

Corn ethanol is produced by fermentation using enzymes, aka yeast, living microorganisms that convert sugars contained in the grain into alcohol. In simple terms, they eat corn and excrete alcohol as their waste.  The process takes place in chemical reactors aptly called "digesters", and it relies on constantly maintaining an optimum balance between healthy enzymes (the critters), corn (their food) and ethanol (their waste).  

And it has to be a balance because if there is too much food the critters will multiply uncontrollably, produce too much alcohol - which is actually a poison for them -and  will die from exposure to their own waste.  Conversely, if there is too little food they will turn on each other and become critter cannibals. Also, if the fermentation is allowed to run too fast and too hot (it is exothermic) the critters will die off, since they cannot tolerate high temperatures. The trick, therefore, is to introduce food (corn) and extract waste (alcohol + CO2+heat) in a carefully calculated balance to keep the critters healthy and happy.  

Does this sound familiar? 

Of course it does: we humans are the enzymes, the Earth is our reactor vessel and we consume its  resources to fill it with our waste.  But, there is a crucial difference: The Earth is a closed system with limited resources (with the important exception of incoming solar radiation) and no way to extract excess waste/heat. Also, we too are prone to cannibalism (war). 

What's our saving grace? We got critter brains - but even that is a double-edged sword, as we know from the likes of  Caligula, Attila, Hitler, Mao and many more such nasty "critters".  And no matter how smart, at some point the deleterious effects of exponential growth overcome our capacity to deal with them.

Signs of  such a Tipping Point are everywhere: Global warming, climate change, species and habitat  collapse, massive pollution and, very worryingly, a trend towards lifestyle diseases and habits, resulting in poor health and sudden life expectancy drops in wealthy countries like the US.  We even got a global deadly pandemic, a war and “critter arm wrestling” between the world’s two largest critter colonies (US vs China). The alarm bells are ringing, that's for sure.

I think the physical, scientific evidence on the ground is overwhelming.  But what about finance - what is happening there?

This will be the subject of Part Two.

Brave New Overleveraged World

 A loyal reader asked a pointed question: is this the worst market mispricing ever? (Thanks AKOC).

Perhaps it is. Why? 

Because the entire global economy is grossly overleveraged on a fundamental basis.  

When we think of markets and leverage we think of margin debt, derivatives, corporate debt, etc.  This was certainly the case in 2007-10 during the Great Debt Crisis, which was "resolved" when the US and EU central banks and governments stepped in and assumed the debt. Private sector debt became government debt, with lots of it sitting in central bank balance sheets. The problem was - literally - papered over.

Then came deflation (thank you China and you cheap manufacturing juggernaut), interest rates went to zero or lower, and for almost a decade everyone forgot that debt carries a servicing cost (interest). Even the worst serial bankrupt in Europe came back and tapped markets for fresh debt (Greece).  It had to mortgage its silverware for 99 years, but.. it did.

COVID changed everything: American, European and Japanese governments panicked and printed money like never before.  They made 2008-10 QE look like a statistical aberration by comparison (see charts below).

United States Federal Reserve  Balance Sheet Assets

European Central Bank Balance Sheet Assets

 

Bank of Japan Balance Sheet Assets

Looking at the charts we can draw only one conclusion: the West is fundamentally extremely overleveraged.  Central banks are financing the economy - take that out and what remains? Let's remember that central banks are regulators and lenders of last resort, not day to day financiers.  By trying to stay in the economic race the West is shooting itself in the foot.

Who is doing things differently?  The second largest economy in the world - China.  Its economy is growing rapidly - yes, it created a real estate lending bubble of its very own in the process - but, in general, it has kept its central bank's nose clean (see chart below).  

Back in 2006-07 I started this blog by posting just a few charts of debt going through the roof. They seemed self evident to me, but it took a couple of years until the doodoo hit the fan.  Today, the first three charts seem just as self evident, so I'll leave it at that.

Are Markets Whistling Past The Graveyard?

 It's the Monday after Easter Sunday and all markets are closed in Europe in deference to Christ's miraculous rise from the dead.  In some ways, then, it's apropos - if a bit sacrilegious - to mention graveyards.

Here's what's been nagging me for a long time now (at least a year): 

• There's a major war in Europe which keeps escalating. People are using the word "nuclear weapons" with increasing frequency.
• Tensions between US and China are high and rising.  The proximate cause is Taiwan, but the major issue here is nothing less than global supremacy.

Both of the above are clear and present dangers, and they are here and now.

• Climate change is accelerating but no one is really doing anything about it in a practical manner.

The latter is forever talked about as a "future" threat, but I'm increasingly worried that the tipping point is much closer than our society thinks.

IMHO markets are completely (and willfully?) ignoring these risks when pricing ALL securities, from bonds and stocks all the way to commodities and derivatives.  I get the feeling that no one in the mainstream is willing to develop a model to take these into account, perhaps fearing that he/she will be branded a loonie.  

How about this model, then?

Pnwu  = Probability of nuclear weapon use(decimal  0.00 - 1.00)   

Pucc    = Probability of USA/China conflict 

Ptp      = Probability of tipping point within 5 years 

Enwu   = Effect of nwu on equity markets  (+/- %)

Eucc    = Effect of ucc on equity markets 

Etp      = Effect of tp on equity markets 

Cumulative Effect = (Pnwu)x(Enwu) + (Pucc)x(Eucc) + (Ptp)x(Etp)

Plug in your own probabilities and likely effects and you'll come up with something a bit more concrete than "um, let's not worry about it right now".

I'm not doing it, they'll call me a loonie -  Well, at least I'm not doing it in public (ha, ha).

 

OPEC+ Was Not Amused

 A week ago OPEC+ (essentially, Saudi Arabia and Russia) announced a wholly unexpected cut in crude oil production and took everyone by surprise.  Prices immediately jumped from $75 to $80 per barrel.  Why did they do it?

I think it was a response to the new round of dollar "printing" by the Fed, engineered to salvage (once again) the US banking system.  How are the two connected? Simple: crude oil is priced in dollars  - when there are immediately more dollars around producers of "hard" goods are encouraged to hike their prices. 

The Fed had started reducing its balance sheet (QT) - but then sharply reversed course and "printed"  overnight as many dollars as it had withdrawn in the last 6 months (QE) - see chart below. And a week later... OPEC+ hiked prices.  I don't know about you, but I don't believe in coincidences.

It seems to me that the negative effects of unwise money creation to the real economy are becoming ever more rapid and obvious, even to the untrained eye.  From another perspective, demand for luxury goods and services by even the merely rich (not to mention the HNW and UHNW) is continuing unabated.  I can speak from personal experience, observing how American tourist bookings abroad are booming, particularly in the luxury sector.  There is just too much money sloshing about and it does not really matter how high interest rates go, until consumer deposit rates go significantly higher than inflation.

The Great Financial Crisis I & II

 Many historians view WWI and WWII as one world war separated by a brief period of peace.  The punitive terms imposed on Germany after WWI directly caused the rise of Adolf Hitler and his Nazis to power and, inevitably, WWII - all in a Europe where WWI had not truly solved the underlying power structure.

Drawing a parallel to the Great Financial Crisis of 2007-10, I believe that the way it was handled by central banks and governments in the US, EU and Japan is now - inevitably - causing the current spate of trouble. Let's call them GFC I and GFC II.

GFC I was "handled" by - literally -  papering it over: Western central banks "printed" enormous amounts of money to save the financial/banking systems in their countries and drove interest rates below zero.  This is a parallel to the punitive terms the Entente Powers imposed upon Germany at the Paris Peace Conference in 1919-20, in the sense that a "sane" financial/economic system cannot long operate under zero/negative interest rates without sowing the seeds of its own destruction.

For example, the ECB drove interest rates below zero from 2015 to 2022 (black line in chart below). It was thus only a matter of time and happenstance until inflation soared (red line) when it expanded QE massively during the COVID pandemic.

The same happened in the US, though interest rates there never went into negative territory.

And just like WWII was massively more destructive than WWI, GFC II has the potential to wipe out much more than regional banks, or even global systemic banks.  It has the potential of wiping out the public debt of countries like the US and Japan, or even the entire Western financial system.  Unless governments and central banks get really serious in averting the fast rising dangers, we may well become witness to the "Nazification" of our Western economic/financial system.  For example, look at how cryptos are reacting right now..

We really and truly need to act fast and decisively, before the "Nazis" take over:

1. We must immediately bring inflation down to as close to 2% (maximum) as possible.  There is only one way to do so in a rational manner: QT.
2. We must immediately eliminate budget deficits and eliminate the need for more public debt.
3. We must immediately start the process of re-balancing socially unjust income and wealth excesses. 

We must do everything necessary before GFC II starts.  

To draw another parallel from WWI - WWII, it was Winston Churchill, more than anyone else during the interwar period, who warned that Hitler was a dangerous megalomaniac and had to be contained before it was too late.  Instead, Hitler was appeased with disastrous consequences.  Likewise, we cannot afford to let things get out of hand, we must act NOW!

My Shortest Post Ever

 Today I'm gonna go for a record: Hellasious's shortest post ever.

Here goes:

TSIHTF

Hint: It's about global banks

Prize for the first to decipher the "Delphic" initials... free upgrade to Subscriber Status (which doesn't exist, but hey, you never know) ;)